About Hantavirus— Symptoms, Transmission & Prevention
Critical information regarding transmission, symptoms, and the current global tracking effort.
Global Tracker Initiative
HantavirusMap.one was created to provide a centralized, real-time dashboard for tracking hantavirus cases globally. As information fragments across different regional health authorities and media outlets, this tracker aggregates signals to help public health officials, researchers, and the general public stay informed.
Data is automatically sourced from the CDC National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System, PAHO epidemiological alerts, Argentina's National Epidemiological Bulletin, WHO Disease Outbreak News, and the GDELT global knowledge graph.
About Hantavirus
CDC · Last reviewed May 13, 2024
Key Points
- ›Hantaviruses are a family of viruses which can cause serious illnesses and death.
- ›These viruses cause diseases like hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) and hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS).
- ›They are spread mainly by rodents.
- ›The Andes virus is the only type of hantavirus known to spread person-to-person, usually limited to people with close contact with the ill person.
Overview
汉坦病毒可感染全球各地人群并引起严重疾病。人类主要通过接触大鼠、小鼠等啮齿动物，尤其是暴露于其尿液、粪便和唾液而感染汉坦病毒，也可经啮齿动物咬伤或抓伤传播，但较为罕见。汉坦病毒可引起两类综合征：西半球（包括美国）发现的汉坦病毒可引起汉坦病毒肺综合征（HPS），美国最常见的 HPS 致病毒株由鹿鼠传播；肾综合征出血热（HFRS）是一组临床表现相似的疾病，主要由欧洲和亚洲发现的汉坦病毒引起，但可引起 HFRS 的汉城病毒已在全球范围内（包括美国）检出。
Signs and Symptoms
Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS)
Symptoms appear 1–8 weeks after contact with an infected rodent.
Early symptoms:
- ›Fatigue
- ›Fever
- ›Muscle aches (thighs, hips, back, shoulders)
- ›Headaches, dizziness, chills
- ›Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain
Late symptoms (4–10 days after onset):
- ›Coughing and shortness of breath
- ›Chest tightness as lungs fill with fluid
CASE FATALITY RATE: 20–40%, UP TO 50%
↗ WHO 2026Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome (HFRS)
Symptoms develop within 1–2 weeks after exposure (rarely up to 8 weeks).
Initial symptoms:
- ›Intense headaches
- ›Back and abdominal pain
- ›Fever / chills, nausea
- ›Blurred vision, facial flushing
Later symptoms:
- ›Low blood pressure, acute shock
- ›Internal bleeding (vascular leakage)
- ›Acute kidney failure
HANTAAN/DOBRAVA: 5–15% FATAL
Diagnosis
对于感染不足72小时的患者，汉坦病毒的诊断较为困难，早期症状易与流感混淆。如怀疑感染汉坦病毒，请立即就医并告知医生可能的啮齿动物暴露史。各州实验室及 CDC 可通过检测确认诊断。
Treatment & Recovery
目前尚无针对汉坦病毒感染的特异性治疗方法，患者接受支持性治疗，包括休息、补液和对症处理。HPS 患者可能需要气管插管，HFRS 患者可能需要透析治疗。早期就医至关重要。
About Andes Virus
CDC · Last reviewed May 9, 2026
Key Points
- ›Andes virus is a type of hantavirus that can cause a severe respiratory disease called Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS).
- ›The virus can spread through contact with rodents, by touching an object with the virus on it, or, rarely, through contact with a sick person who has the virus.
- ›Early symptoms can look like flu.
- ›If you think you had contact with a person with Andes virus and are experiencing symptoms, contact a medical professional immediately.
Andes virus is spread by rodents in South America and, less commonly, by other infected people. The rodents that carry Andes virus have not been found in the United States. Andes virus is the only type of hantavirus known to spread person-to-person — usually limited to people who have close contact with a sick person, including direct physical contact, prolonged time in close or enclosed spaces, and exposure to the sick person's body fluids.
How Andes Virus Spreads
- ›Through contact with infected rodents or their urine, saliva, or feces
- ›By touching an object or surface with the virus on it, then touching your mouth, nose, or eyes
- ›Through close contact with a person who is sick with Andes virus
Reducing Risk of Person-to-Person Spread
- ✓Wash hands frequently
- ✓Avoid kissing and sexual contact with someone who may have Andes virus
- ✓Avoid sharing drinks, cigarettes, hookah, and vapes with someone who may have Andes virus
- ✓Avoid sharing eating utensils or eating food from the same plate or bowl
- ✓Maintain distance from someone who may have Andes virus
常见问题解答
SOURCE: CDCBased on CDC's official FAQ — Andes Virus Outbreak on a Cruise Ship: Frequently Asked Questions (May 11, 2026)
汉坦病毒通过吸入感染啮齿动物的尿液、粪便或唾液形成的气溶胶颗粒传播，而非通过人与人之间的日常空气接触传播。当干燥的鼠类排泄物受到扰动（如清扫时）可形成气溶胶。该病毒不会通过人与人之间的咳嗽或打喷嚏传播。
大多数汉坦病毒毒株（包括北美的无名病毒）不会在人与人之间传播。安第斯病毒是已记录的例外：与感染者的密切接触可导致传播，2026年 MV Hondius 聚集性病例即为例证。对于确诊病例，建议采取标准感染控制措施（佩戴口罩、手卫生、医学隔离）。
汉坦病毒遍布全球。在美洲，无名病毒广泛流行于美国西部，安第斯病毒则地方性流行于巴塔哥尼亚地区（阿根廷和智利）。在欧洲和亚洲，汉城病毒和普马拉病毒广泛传播。病例多见于啮齿动物种群密度较高的农村地区。
由无名病毒和安第斯病毒等毒株引起的汉坦病毒肺综合征（HPS），病死率为20%至40%，最高可达50%。由汉城病毒和汉滩病毒等毒株引起的肾综合征出血热（HFRS），在亚洲和欧洲的病死率较低，为1%至15%，具体取决于毒株类型。
美国及大多数西方国家尚无经 FDA 批准的汉坦病毒疫苗。中国和韩国已研发并使用针对 HFRS 毒株的疫苗。更广谱汉坦病毒疫苗的研究工作仍在持续推进。目前预防措施主要依赖鼠害控制和避免接触鼠类排泄物。
2026年4月下旬，在南大西洋巴塔哥尼亚海域航行的 MV Hondius 游轮上，确认了一批安第斯病毒（汉坦病毒）聚集性病例，涉及乘客和船员。此次疫情意义重大，因为安第斯病毒是已知唯一可发生人际传播的汉坦病毒。WHO 已就此聚集性病例发布多份疾病暴发新闻通报。
与 COVID-19 不同，汉坦病毒并非通过人与人之间的空气传播的人类呼吸道病毒，其传播需要直接接触或吸入感染啮齿动物排泄物形成的气溶胶。汉坦病毒通常不会形成大规模人际传播链（安第斯病毒为罕见例外），因此其疫情暴发潜力通常具有地域局限性，而非大流行规模。
对于大多数人而言，感染汉坦病毒的风险仍然极低。MV Hondius 聚集性病例因安第斯病毒罕见的人际传播特性而备受关注，但疫情在地理上已得到有效控制。风险最高的人群为有啮齿动物暴露史的农村居民。请遵循标准预防措施：避免接触啮齿动物，封堵建筑物入口，清理可能受污染区域时使用适当的个人防护装备。
Prevention Guidelines
SOURCE: CDCCDC · Last reviewed May 13, 2024
减少或消除家庭、工作场所或营地中的啮齿动物，以降低暴露风险。封堵家中或车库的孔洞和缝隙，防止啮齿动物进入。在室内外设置捕鼠器，减少鼠患。当感染啮齿动物的新鲜尿液、粪便或筑巢材料受到扰动时，病毒可进入空气——切勿扫除或吸尘鼠类出没区域，应先用漂白液溶液或家用消毒剂湿润该区域后再擦拭清洁。前往南美洲国家时，应避免进入啮齿动物出没区域。